{"id":2015,"date":"2025-10-18T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-18T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aafpress.ge\/?p=2015"},"modified":"2026-02-23T15:10:25","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T15:10:25","slug":"%e1%83%90%e1%83%96%e1%83%90%e1%83%a0%e1%83%a2%e1%83%a3%e1%83%9a%e1%83%98-%e1%83%ae%e1%83%a8%e1%83%98%e1%83%a0%e1%83%90%e1%83%93-%e1%83%90%e1%83%99%e1%83%a0%e1%83%ab%e1%83%90%e1%83%9a%e1%83%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aafpress.ge\/?p=2015","title":{"rendered":"\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10d9\u10e0\u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea \u10d1\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 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\u10dd\u2019\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d4 15 \u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc \u10d2\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10da\u10d4\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0. \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e1\u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10df\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 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XV \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d8\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d9\u10e0\u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1, \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1. \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0, \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10dd\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d4 \u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 (H\u10d4\u10dc\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d4 V\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d4) \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 (\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u2013 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8) \u10da\u10e3\u10d8 XI-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4 1469 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10e1\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 1572 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 24 \u10d0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10dd\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10db\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d4.\u10ec. \u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e6\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10dd\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0-\u10df\u10da\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u00ad\u10d1\u10e0\u10eb\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0, \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d0\u10e0\u10da IX \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0. \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d4\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10e1 \u2013 \u10d0\u10db\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 1587 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 17 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e1. \u10d3\u10d4\u10d3\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8, \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 4 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d2\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d2\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d4\u10de\u10d8\u10e1\u10d9\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10db\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10d6\u10d0\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10da \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10ec\u10e3\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10da \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u00ad\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d4\u10ec\u10d4\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10d9\u10d5\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d8\u10e0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0, \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10da\u10e3\u10d8 XIV-\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10e3\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0. \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10ec\u10d8\u10da, \u10db\u10dd\u10ee\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10da \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e8\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d1\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d6\u10d4\u10ea \u10de\u10dd\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd. \u10da\u10e3\u10d8 XIV-\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e3\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e3\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e1, \u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10da \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 1707 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10db \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10d4\u10e5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0\u10dd. \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10d5\u10e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0. \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10db \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d1\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e0\u10dd\u10d9\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d0\u10db \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ed\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc: \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 6 \u10da\u10e3\u10d6\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10e2\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10d0\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u10d9\u10e0\u10dd\u10d9\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1; \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u00ad\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10da\u10dd \u10db\u10dd\u10f0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10dc\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d0\u10db \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d3 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0. \u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0 \u201e\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u201c \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10dd\u10d0 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 billart-\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10dc billette-\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10e6\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u201e\u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10e1\u201c, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d2\u10dd\u10da\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10ed\u10d8\u10e1) \u10db\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d1\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd. \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10dd\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10e7\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc bille, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1. \u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10d3, \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d7\u10e3 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4, XVIII \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da \u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10da \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e5\u10ea\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d0\u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0. \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8 \u2013 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10db \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d5\u10ee\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d1\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e0\u10dd\u10d9\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d0\u10e5\u10e3\u10e9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7. \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d0\u10e5\u10e3\u10e9\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10ee\u10d4\u10e0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10dd\u10d3 \u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1. \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u201equeue\u201c (\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8, \u10d9\u10e3\u10d3\u10d8) \u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0, \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8 \u201ecue\u201c (\u10d9\u10d8\u10d8) \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10e0\u10e9\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10e9\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10db\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10db\u10d0 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10e3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d2\u10dd\u10db (F\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u00e7\u10dd\u10d8\u10e1 M\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3) \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10db\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 1804-1807 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e2\u10e7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8, \u10d0\u10dc\u10e3 \u10e2\u10e7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d6\u10d4, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10ed\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d1\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d5\u10d0. \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10e2\u10e7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e8\u10d5\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u201e\u10e9\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u201c \u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e7\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea \u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d2\u10dd \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10dd\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e5\u10ea\u10d0. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10d6\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10d9\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10dd\u10eb\u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0. \u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d2\u10dd \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10db\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e3\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0-\u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10ea\u10d0: \u201e\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10da\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u2013 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e7\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u201c (Noble jeu de billard \u2013 Coups extraordinaires et surprenans).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0:<br>\u2013 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u00ad\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 1835 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10e1;<br>\u2013 1845 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10e3\u10da\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3\u10dd \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d4\u10d3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1;<br>\u2013 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10de\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0 McDermott Handcrafted Cues-\u10e8\u10d8 1992 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u00ad\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u201eThe Intimidator\u201c.. 2015 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 30 \u10d8\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10eb\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 150 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10eb\u10da\u10dd. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10eb\u10d8\u10da\u10d6\u10d4. \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10dc\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0\u10db (\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 1862 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10db \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0. \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e3\u10df\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e5\u10e0\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d1\u10e1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10dd\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d6\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d7 \u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7. \u10d0\u10e5 \u10d9\u10d8, \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10e0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d5\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7. \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d4 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d0\u10e8\u10e8-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d6\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d4\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0. XVIII \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 XIX \u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d8\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d9\u10e0\u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e0\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 2 \u10ec\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10db\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10e5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d7\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 (1801-1809) \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1 \u10e3\u10ee\u10d4\u10e0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10ea, \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e3\u10ec\u10d4\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u2013 \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10dd \u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d7\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd \u10ef\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10d4-6 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 (1825-1829) \u10ef\u10dd\u10dc \u10d9\u10e3\u10d8\u10dc\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10d6\u10d4\u10d3 \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d6\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0. \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8, 1824 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea \u10e1\u10e3\u10da 4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10da-\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10e3\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc (\u10e4\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e8\u10da\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd) \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d3\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10ee\u10db\u10d0 \u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3 \u10ef\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10e1 (99) \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10e1 84. \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d0\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10e2\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0. \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10db, \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10de\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10db\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10e2\u10db\u10d0 \u10f0\u10d4\u10dc\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10d8\u10db, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0 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\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10e3\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4. \u10d0\u10e8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d4\u10eb\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10ef\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d8\u10e0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0, \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 \u10ef\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0, \u10e3\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d7\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d0. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db \u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10e3\u10d7\u10d4\u10e1 \u2013 \u10e0\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d7 \u10ee\u10dd\u10db \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10dc \u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8?! \u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10e3\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d7\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd \u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8. \u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd \u10d7\u10e3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd. \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d4\u10de\u10dd\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10e2\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc. \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10e0\u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e1 \u2013 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7 \u10ef\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ed\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10dd \u10e1\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e5\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10e4\u10e3\u10da\u10d6\u10d4\u10ea \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc. \u10dc\u10e3\u10d7\u10e3 \u10d0\u10db \u10e3\u10db\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u201e\u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10d8\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u201c \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d4\u10eb\u10da\u10dd?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d0\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u201e\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10db\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u201c \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd. \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10d6\u10d4\u10d3 \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 (1828 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d0), \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10ef\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ef\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0. \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10ef\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10dd \u10e0\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e6\u10d8\u10d0 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\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e3\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e8\u10e8-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4-18 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2 \u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10e1 (1869\u20131877), \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0, \u10d7\u10d4\u10d7\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10e0 \u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7. \u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10ef\u10dd\u10dc \u10d9\u10e3\u10d8\u10dc\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d7\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10ee\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7 \u201e\u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10e1\u201c. \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10d8\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 XX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u2013 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10d3\u10dd\u10e0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10d6\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 (1902), \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d7\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10de\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d8\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ea\u10dd\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10de\u10dd\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d0\u10e8\u10e8. \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10e3\u10d1\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 2 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u2013 \u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10da\u10e3\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8. \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ec\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10d0. \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10de\u10dd\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8-8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e3\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ec\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e9\u10d0\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10da\u10e3\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d0, \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8, \u10d6\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10db \u10da\u10e3\u10d6\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0, \u201e\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u201c \u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d0 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d0\u10e3\u10e8\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d8\u10e0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 (\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8-7, \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8-9, \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8-10 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5.) \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e7\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d0. \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10da\u10e3\u10d6\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d4\u10e8\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8. \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e3\u10ea\u10dc\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7 \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10da\u10e3\u10d6\u10d0. \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0, \u10d9\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 (\u10e4\u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0) \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1. \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea \u10de\u10dd\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ee\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0 \u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8. \u10d0\u10db \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10de\u10dd\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 XIX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10da \u10e4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10ea\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d3 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 (\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0 N\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10da\u10d4 F\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10ea\u10d8\u10e1 F\u10d8\u10e2\u10d6\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d3 \u10e9\u10f0\u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10da\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc) \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0. \u10d0\u10db \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10dd\u10d3 \u10db\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0: 15 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8; 6 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d2\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10e0\u10e3\u10da \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10d7\u10d4\u10d7\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10ea \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 21 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10dc \u10ee\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10dd\u10da\u10d0, \u10d4.\u10ec. \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10e8\u10d8\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7, \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d7\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d0\u10d2\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc \u10da\u10e3\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8. \u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10dd\u10ee\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u201e\u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u201c \u10e9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5 \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10e1. \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8. \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10e1 21 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10da\u10e3\u10d6\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d2\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10e5\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u10ec\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u201e\u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u201c 1 \u10e5\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d0, \u10e7\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u2013 2, \u10db\u10ec\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u2013 3, \u10e7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u2013 4, \u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e1 \u2013 5, \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u2013 6, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u2013 7. \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea \u10db\u10d4\u10e2 \u10e5\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10ea, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d4.\u10ec. \u10da\u10e3\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. XX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10de\u10dd\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0. \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd, \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8, \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d6\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 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\u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d6\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0 (\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8 68\u10db\u10db, \u10ec\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0 280-282\u10d2). \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5 XVIII \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4 I-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e9\u10d0\u10e7\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8, \u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e1\u10e0\u10d9-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10de\u10dd\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e1 (\u10d4.\u10ec. \u201e\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d9\u10d0\u201c \u2013 \u10d8\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1, \u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea \u10da\u10e3\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d0\u10d2\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e1) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10e1 (\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 71 \u10e5\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d2\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10de\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0. \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ef\u10d8\u10d1\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d6\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10e1 \u201e\u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10d0\u10e1\u10dd\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u201c (World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association \u2013 WPBSA). \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd 1968 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d3\u10d0. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e8\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1-\u10d1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5 \u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>WPBSA-\u10e1 \u10e5\u10dd\u10da\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8 \u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8, \u10d2\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8, \u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc-\u10de\u10e0\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10da\u10d8\u10d2\u10d0. \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8 (\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8) \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0 \u10de\u10dd\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d4\u10ec\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0. \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1, 2007-2008 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d4\u10d6\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10d0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 China Open. \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0, 2008 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d0\u10f0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 \u2013 \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 WPBSA-\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d4\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd. 2010\/2011\u10ec\u10ec \u10e1\u10d4\u10d6\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10e3\u10da \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0 German Masters-\u10d8, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd Players Tour Championship-\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u00ad\u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10db\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d3\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2010 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da \u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 World Snooker Limited-\u10d8 \u10e4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1. \u10d0\u10db \u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 WPBSA-\u10e1 \u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10db\u10ef\u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10f0\u10d8\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8 (Barry Hearn) \u10e3\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8. \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5, \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10d0\u10e1\u10dd\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da \u10ea\u10dd\u10d3\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 \u10de\u10e0\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc. \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u00ad\u10e2\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 (Peter Ebdon) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10dc \u10ef\u10e3\u10dc\u10ee\u10e3\u10d8 (Ding Junhui) \u10d0\u10db \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e8\u10dd \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10dd \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da \u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10e8\u10d4\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 1973 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1 \u2013 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10dd \u10e4\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 (International Billiards and Snooker Federation \u2013 IBSF). \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10ea \u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d0\u10da \u10d2\u10d8\u10d8\u10dd\u10db\u10d8 (Pascal Guillaume) \u10f0\u10e7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0. 1984 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 30 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd. \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10e1 IBSF-\u10db\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u201e\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u201c \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10ea\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0. 2020 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1 73 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1) \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d0\u10db \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1-\u10d1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5 \u10d3\u10dd\u10f0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e5 \u10d0\u10da-\u10ee\u10d0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 (Mubarak Al-Khyarin) \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>IBSF-\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e4\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 (WCBS) \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10e1. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db \u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4 \u10de\u10dd\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10ea\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10dd \u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10eb\u10da\u10dd\u10e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e1\u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u201e\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u201c \u2013 \u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10da \u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10dd \u10e8\u10d4\u10ef\u10d8\u10d1\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10dc\u10d0\u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d7 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8. \u10e2\u10dd\u10de-\u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7. \u201e\u10d6\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u201c \u10d3\u10d0 \u201e\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u201c \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e2\u10dd\u10de-\u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10db \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d8\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d4\u10e4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 (E\u10e4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u201cB\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u201d M\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2 \u10e6\u10d4\u10e7\u10d4\u10e1) \u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10de\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 70-\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10dd \u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8, \u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 2 \u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10ea\u10d8\u10de\u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd \u2013 \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8-8, \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8-9. \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u201e\u10ef\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u201c \u10d4\u10eb\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc B\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0-\u10d7\u10d8\u10ea (\u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0), \u10e0\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0-\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d4\u10ee\u10dc\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10e9\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7.<br>\u2013 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 1994 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea \u201e\u10ea\u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8\u201c \u10d0\u10e8\u10e8-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e6\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd (U.\u10e8. O\u10de\u10d4\u10dc 9-B\u10d0\u10da\u10da \u10e9\u10f0\u10d0\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10e1\u10f0\u10d8\u10de);<br>\u2013 1996 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 B\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0-\u10db \u10f0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d2-\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d2\u10e8\u10d8 100-\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d0 \u2013 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8-8-\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd;<br>\u2013 2005 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8-8-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 200 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd. \u10d8\u10db\u10df\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10ea \u10e3\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1;<br>\u2013 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10d4\u10e1\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e3\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10ea \u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1. 2006-\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10db\u10d0 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10ef\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 646 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea B\u10e9A-\u10e1 (\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8) \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10db\u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e3\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 (\u10ed\u10d8\u10da\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10db \u10df\u10dd\u10e1\u10d4\u10de\u10f0 M\u10dd\u10e1\u10ea\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8, 1913-1993) \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2-\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1 15-\u10d2\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd (1941-1957). \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10da\u10e3\u10d6\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10d6\u10d4\u10d3 526-\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d2\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 B\u10e9A-\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e8\u10d8 1968 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5 6 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc \u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e4\u10e1. 11 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0. 1994 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e8\u10e8-\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8 \u2013 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd \u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e3\u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d6\u10d4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d4\u10e0\u10da \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8 (E\u10d0\u10e0\u10da \u201c\u10d7\u10f0\u10d4 P\u10d4\u10d0\u10e0\u10da\u201d \u10e8\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea\u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3) \u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 (\u201e\u10ea\u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u201c) \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0\u10dc 3-\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 (1990, 1991, 2002) \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd, \u10e1\u10e3\u10da \u10d9\u10d8 100-\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10e3\u10da \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d0. 1996 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, P\u10e9A \u10e9\u10f0\u10d0\u10da\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d2\u10d4-\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10d3 \u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10db\u10d0 \u10e4\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d0. \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8-9-\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d8\u10da\u10d3\u10dd\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dd\u2019\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 (\u10e6\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d3 A\u10dc\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10dd O\u2019\u10e8\u10e3\u10da\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc) \u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0. 49 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u00ad\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7 \u2013 7-\u10d2\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 8-\u10d2\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 8-\u10d2\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8, \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10da\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 10-\u10d2\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e3\u10da 87 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0. \u201e\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u201c (3 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10df\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8) \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0) \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 6 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc \u10f0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10d8 (\u10e8\u10e2\u10d4\u10de\u10f0\u10d4\u10dc H\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10e7) \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e2\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u00ad\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8 \u2013 36 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 2020 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10dd\u2019\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10d4\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u201e\u10d3\u10d0\u10d4\u10db\u10ee\u10dd\u201c. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10e1 9 \u10e1\u10d4\u10d6\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 (\u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc 8-\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10d6\u10d4\u10d3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e3\u10dd\u10da\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0 \u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d1\u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8 (\u10ed\u10d0\u10da\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0 A\u10da\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2 L\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10e3\u10db, 1898-1960) \u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e3\u10da 2-\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 (1933, 1934) \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e3\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd \u201e\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u201c \u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10dc\u10d0\u10db 16 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10ec\u10d8\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0, \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d0. \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10d8\u10e1, \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d0\u10dc \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10e3\u10da \u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8 100 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d4\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d0, \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 20-50 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc. \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 50-150 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0; \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10e8\u10d4\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d0\u10e5 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea. 2025 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da \u10e3\u10d8\u10d9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10d0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d6\u10d4, \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10db\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e3\u10d8\u10da\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d4 \u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d2\u10dd (11:9) \u10d3\u10d0 210 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd. \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 105 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4, \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5 \u10ef\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0 \u201e\u10ea\u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u201c \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10d4\u10e5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8. \u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d4\u10d3\u10dd\u10e0 \u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 (F\u10d4\u10d3\u10dd\u10e0 G\u10dd\u10e0\u10e1\u10e2) \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10de\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10da\u10dd \u10d1\u10d8\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10e1 (\u10e9\u10d0\u10e0\u10da\u10dd B\u10d8\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd) \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 13:15 \u10ec\u10d0\u10d0\u10d2\u10dd. \u10d1\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10de\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8-9-\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 2-\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0. \u10edPB\u10e8A-\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3, 2025 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10db \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10db \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e1\u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d2\u10d0\u10e3\u10ec\u10d8\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e1\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10e1\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0. \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d0\u10db \u10e4\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd, \u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8 1 \u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc \u10d0\u10e8\u10e8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10db\u10d0 250 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd, \u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10db\u10d0 100 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 50-50 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd \u10e4\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2013 1873 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e8\u10e8-\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8. \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4 (G\u10d0\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0), \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d5\u10d3\u10dd\u10db \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d8\u10eb\u10d4\u10d1\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0;<br>\u2013 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10ea XVIII \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 (1734-1790) \u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u2013 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10da\u10d0\u10d5 \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d6\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8, \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u201e\u10de\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4 \u10d9\u10dd\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d9\u10e3\u201c, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10e3\u10db\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u201e\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u201c \u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc, \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd \u10d7\u10d0\u10e6\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10ed\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0, \u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d4, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d0\u10df\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10eb\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e7\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10e3\u10d1\u10e3\u10e5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10ee\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10d9\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10db\u10dd\u10eb\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201e\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u201c \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db \u10d2\u10d6\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1.<br>\u2013 \u10d1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc II (1811-1864) \u10d8\u10db \u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10d0\u10d2\u10dd;<br>\u2013 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e1\u10ec\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da \u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dd\u2019\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0\u10ea 1997 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 5 \u10ec\u10e3\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8 147 \u10e5\u10e3\u10da\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0;<br>\u2013 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10dd \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 (1979 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc) \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd 16 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u00ad\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db 6-\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0 \u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10e8\u10d8;<br>\u2013 2010 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0 14 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10da \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u00ad\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u2013 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10e6\u10e3\u10e1\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc P\u10e7\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d3) \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8;<br>\u2013 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10ee\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dd\u2019\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1. \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd 2022 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd 46 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 148 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d4\u10de\u10dd\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10ee\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10d3\u10e1.<br>\u2013 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 (F\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 D\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1) \u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10ee\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10d3, \u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea \u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10db\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10e9\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d6\u10d4. 1979 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 65 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 217 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10e0\u10d9 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e0\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d1\u10da\u10d4 \u10d7\u10f0\u10d4\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4-\u10d6\u10d4 \u2013 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d4\u10de\u10dd\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e2\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4. \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e0\u10d4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8 (109 \u10e5\u10e3\u10da\u10d0), \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e8\u10d8. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 1929 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 1993 \u10ec\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d0\u10dc\u10e3 80 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3.<br>\u2013 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 (\u10e6\u10d0\u10e7 \u10e6\u10d4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc) \u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4, \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 35 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3. \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd \u10d4\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0: 1970, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976 \u10d3\u10d0 1978 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8. 1978 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, 45 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10ee\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8 2022 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dd\u2019\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u2013 \u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d7\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea \u10e8\u10d4\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e1 \u201e\u10d3\u10e0\u10d0\u00ad\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1985 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10ed\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 (MBE).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d0 1991 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, 58 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e8\u10d8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dd\u2019\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 2004 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u2013 \u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10e3\u10da \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u10e0\u10d4\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10ea\u10dd\u10ea\u10ee\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10db \u10e4\u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0\u10ea 1970-\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3\u10dd. \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 2024 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e1, 91 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u10e8\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10dd \u10e1\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 2025 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d0\u10da \u201e\u10d1\u10d8\u10d6\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10ef\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u201c-\u10e1 \u21161(76)-\u10e8\u10d8<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2017,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-2015","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-business-media"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10d9\u10e0\u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea \u10d1\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8 - aafpress.ge<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aafpress.ge\/?p=2015\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10d9\u10e0\u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea \u10d1\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8 - aafpress.ge\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 2025 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d0\u10da \u201e\u10d1\u10d8\u10d6\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 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